Activos Biológicos
En esta sección se presentan diversos estudios relacionados con los múltiples temas que se desprenden del tratamiento que las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (IFRS por su sigla en inglés) le otorgan a los “Activos Biológicos”. La presentación de los estudios se estructura en dos categorías. La primera comprende trabajos realizados por Observatorio IFRS, mientras que la segunda categoría se centra en proporcionar bibliografía de interés.
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Normas Internacionales de Contabilidad e Información Financiera e Interpretaciones que regulan esta área de información: |
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| IAS 41: Agricultura |
Referencias bibliográficas de interés:
CÓDIGO: BAB - 001
Argilés, J., and Slof, E. (2001). "New opportunities for farm accounting". European Accounting Review. Volume 10, Issue 2, pp. 361-383".
Abstract
This paper starts out to observe that there is a gap between the importance given to accounting and the low level of bookkeeping and accounting practice in the agricultural sector. Reasons for this gap are that current general accounting rules do not adapt very well to the particularities of farming and are difficult and expensive to implement. We then suggest that the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) and the recently issued International Accounting Standard on Agriculture (IAS 41) could be key elements to improve the use of accounting in European farms. We review the main contributions of IAS 41 and conclude that it provides a strong conceptual framework but might need further instruments for its implementation in practice, given the limitations of the agricultural sector. We continue to explain that FADN is an experienced network that has elaborated very detailed farm accounting procedures, and suggest that these procedures could be turned into a guide for implementing IAS 41. We report empirical data which indicate that current FADN reports are already considered useful by farmers for different purposes. Finally, we analyse in detail the compatibility of IAS 41 and FADN, identifying changes in the FADN procedures that would become necessary if the FADN procedures were to be used for implementing IAS 41 and some aspects of FADN that might have been worthwhile to consider for the final version of IAS 41.
Disponible en:
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09638180126640#preview
CÓDIGO: BAB - 002
Elad, C. (2004). "Fair value accounting in the agricultural sector: some implications for international accounting harmonization". European Accounting Review. Volume 13, Issue 4, pp. 621-641.
Abstract
In a recent issue of this journal, Argilés and Slof (2001) analysed the main features of the European Farm Accountancy Database Network (FADN) against the backdrop of IAS 41, the new international accounting standard on agriculture, and arrived at the conclusion that FADN offers an excellent tool for operationalizing IAS 41 in European farms. The present study revisits some of the key issues in Argilés and Slof's paper in a wider international context and highlights their implications for the harmonization of farm accounting practices around the world. In particular, this paper contends that there are some key provisions of IAS 41 that are incompatible with the European Union Fourth Directive which Argilés and Slof (2001, p. 364) apparently overlooked by focusing only on aspects of the directive that sanction current value measurement and ignoring those that relate to the treatment of associated holding gains or losses. Furthermore, this paper also demonstrates that Argilés and Slof's argument that simplicity is another improvement of IAS 41 vis-à-vis the French Plan Comptable Général Agricole is flawed. Indeed, it is shown here that it would be virtually impossible to implement IAS 41 in Francophone countries in the absence of a fundamental revision, if not complete abandonment, of the plan comptable, at least in view of major conceptual differences between the notions of income, production and value added espoused by national statisticians and those enshrined in IAS 41.
Disponible en:
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0963818042000216839#preview
CÓDIGO: BAB - 003
Herbohn, K., and Herbohn, J. (2006). "International Accounting Standard (IAS) 41: What Are the Implications for Reporting Forest Assets?". Small-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy, Volumen 5, Issue 2, pp.175 - 189.
Abstract
This paper investigates the implications of International Accounting Standard 41 (IAS 41) for European Union (EU) entities reporting on material holdings of forest assets. To all intents and purposes, Australia has been a test for IAS 41 because of the close similarities between IAS 41 and the relevant Australian regulation on forestry that has been operational for the last four years. The Australian reporting experience is used to identify potential implications for EU reporting entities. Evidence suggests that constituents’ key concerns with IAS 41 relate to the measurement1 of biological assets at fair value and the inclusion in income of unrealised gains or losses from measuring these assets at fair value. These concerns are borne out by the Australian experiences. Evidence is presented that suggests that compliance with IAS 41 will allow statement preparers a choice of methods to determine the fair value of timber assets. Additionally, it seem likely that the recognition of unrealised gains and losses from timber assets from changes in fair value and the harvest of agricultural produce will markedly affect income statements, introducing greater volatility into reported income. The impact has been greater for government departments. The median timber gain expressed as a percentage of net profit ranged from 44.5% to 79.9% in individual years. An unresolved issue has been identified – do such accounting procedures reflect the nature of investment in forestry?
Disponible en:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/c62l5v656n132317/
CÓDIGO: BAB - 004
Leffer, V., and Geta, A. (2007). "IAS 41 Agriculture: Fair Value Accounting". Theoretical and Applied Economics. Volumen 5(510), issue 5(510), pp. 15-22
Abstract
Issuing this standard that had to be applied for the first time for the financial statements started after 1.01.2003 meant a change of direction from two points of view: on one hand, through IAS 41 was issued for the first time an extensive standard typical for this sector and, on the other hand, for the first time were included in the income statement, independently from the sales transactions, incomes from variations of the fair value of an asset. Because of this last aspect, IAS 41 can be considered an important standard, because it represents the starting point of a consistent transition from the purchase cost principle towards a fair value accounting. IASC has dedicated to the thematic field of agriculture a specific standard, because this economic branch has a great importance for the developing countries. On the other hand, IAS 41 is also applied for the agricultural activities of the enterprises from other sectors.
Disponible en:
http://www.ectap.ro/articol.php?id=215&rid=25
CÓDIGO: BAB - 005
Penttinen, M., Latukka, A., Meriläinen, H., Salminen, O., and Uotila, E. (2004). "IAS Fair Value and forest evaluation on farm forestry". Scandinavian Forest Economics, 0355-032X ; 40, Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics. Vantaa, Finland, 12-14 May, 2004., p. 67-80.
Abstract
Forest evaluation causes the greatest problems in farm accounting because it requires exact up to date information concerning the growing and bare forestland. Moreover, the changes in forest property value caused by the fl uctuation of stumpage prices affects both the balance sheet and even the profi tand loss statement, and therewith all forest profitability measures from annual net profi t to different ROI measures. The evaluation of marketable stands can be based on market prices. On the other hand, the evaluation of unrealisable property, such as seedling stands, as well as young and middle aged stands, is vague.
International Accounting Standards (IAS 41) came into force at the beginning of 2003 in the European Union (EU). According to this standard the biological property of public enterprises in stock exchange has to be evaluated by a ’fair value’, which can be defined based on the market prices at the time of felling and marketing expenses. However, evaluation by a ‘fair value’ must not be made, if the value cannot be measured reliable. The property values can also be based on yield value, such as net present value (NPV), which is calculated by discounting the incomes and costs. The interest rate used is defined in the IAS by the market interest rate. Although the IAS does not bind enterprises outside stock exchange, there are reasons even for other enterprises even in farms to adopt its practices.
The forest management test material used in the research was collected from five farm accounting estates. Farm profitability accounting is part of EU’s Farm Accounting Data Network (FADN) Only in Finland more than 1000 farm and involved in the FADN bookkeeping annually. Forestry data provided by the bookkeeping farms are based on forest management plans (FMPs). Using new FMPs the balance sheet can be calculated accurately enough, but over time the data will become obsolete. The value of the forest and its changes requires updating the growing stock data. In addition to a FMP, knowledge is required about fellings and silvicultural activities. A local FMP software (Mela) is used for updating the forestry data. The program even simulates the growth of tres according to growth models.
The value of the marketable stand is based on an allowable cut calculation that estimates the total amount of felling opportunities when only forest law limitations have been included The value of seedling stands, as well as young and middle aged stands, is based on expectation values. The value of the whole growing stock has been divided in the balance sheet into inventories and fixed assets using the FMP software. The fl uctuation of property values are caused by fellings, as well as the change in growing stock volume, but especially by the change in stumpage prices. The change in forest value also affects the profi t and loss statement. The IAS therefore causes unrealistic fl uctuations in net profit.
Disponible en:
http://en.scientificcommons.org/50684577